Journal of Emerging Technologies and Industrial Applications

Next-Gen Stingless Bee Traps with 3D Fabrication for Smart Agriculture Solutions

Adibah Amir — 2025-12-31

Pollinators such as bees are vital to global food security, with approximately 75% of

food crops depending on pollination. However, colony collapse disorder (CCD), driven by

climate change, habitat loss, and improper bee trap handling, has severely impacted bee

populations. This study introduced a smart farming solution through the development of a new

stingless bee trap (NSBT) designed to minimise human intervention and enable real-time remote

monitoring. A user-needs survey involving small-scale stingless beekeepers informed the design

process, with data analysed and translated into technical specifications through the House of

Quality (HOQ) framework. The prototype was fabricated using biodegradable polylactic acid

(PLA-F) through 3d printing. The NSBT integrated Arduino Iot recorded environmental data,

with temperature and humidity ranging from 32.5°C to 34°C (SD between 0.4°C and 0.6°C) and

mean humidity level from 88% to 85.5% (SD between 1.2 – 1.5), indicating both parameters are

in stable conditions. A Business Model Canvas (BMC) and cost evaluation were developed to

assess commercialisation potential for small-scale beekeepers. The NSBT combines 3d-printed

fabrication, smart sensing and user-centric design, exemplifying smart farming practices

supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) No. 2, Zero Hunger, and SDG No. 13,

Climate Action

Safety Risk Assessment Using the HIRARC Method in Malaysian TVET Institutions

Rodzidah Mohd Rodzi — 2025-12-31

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions are exposed to various risks, as they involve industrial training that contributes to potential hazards. The problem statement of this study is to address risk management within an institution that operates 33 branches, each specializing in a different field. This study aims to assess occupational safety and health risks present in Malaysian TVET institutions. The study employs the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) methodology. The study collected n = 190 qualitative reports, which were subsequently mapped onto a 5×5 two-dimensional matrix grid. The quantitative HIRARC assessment revealed that 139 risks (73.2%) were classified as low, 43 (22.6%) medium, and 8 (4.2%) high. The risk assessment identified the dominant contributing factors to be facility 61 cases or 32.1%, followed by maintenance 58 cases (30.5%), personal protective equipment 49 cases (25.8%), and ergonomics 22 cases (11.6%). This study enhances the understanding of risk assessment by utilizing mixed methods, which provide more detailed insights. The study recommends that future research broaden the scope of safety risk assessments to include educational institutions beyond TVET settings.

Improvement of biological treatment of leachate using membrane bioreactor (MBR)

Fatin Amirah Razmi — 2025-12-31

A laboratory scale of Membrane bioreactor (MBR) was used to treat leachate that collected from Pekan Nenas Sanitary Landfill. Before MBR treatment, the suitable pore size of membrane was identified to use in MBR treatment by membrane filtration. As the treatment started, there is a cake layer formation. The layer was analysed using SEM. The findings of this research showed that the 600 Dalton pore size of membrane can filter clearer leachate colour. The SEM analyses showed the small particles in the top layer indicate that small flocs had a strong tendency to deposit on membrane surface.

Simulation and Modeling of the Spray Characteristics of Biodiesel and Ammonia Mixtures Carbon-Neutral Fuel

Norrizam Mohmad Jaat — 2025-12-31

The purpose of this research is to employ computational fluid dynamics to identify the properties of the spray generated during the spray biodiesel simulation (CFD). The variables under investigation were spray angle, penetration, and area. In the constant volume chamber, biodiesel is used as the fuel for combustion. Different levels of ambient pressure and temperature were used during the simulation. Variable ambient pressure levels of 4 MPa, 6 MPa, and 8 MPa were used. At the same time, the ambient temperature was fixed to 850 K. The results demonstrate that the biodiesel spray angle increased at high ambient pressure. The findings also showed that as ambient temperature rose, the length of the spray and the spray area shrank. Fuel in the constant volume chamber vaporised at a rapid rate as a result of the rise in ambient temperature

Development of Leachate Treatment System Prototype Integrating Electrocoagulation and Membrane Bioreactor

Mohamed Hizam Mohamed Noor — 2025-12-31

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a technology that combines biological- activated sludge process and advanced membrane filtration. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an electrochemical technique that is extensively applied to treat landfill leachate. EC can be as a pre-treatment unit prior to the MBR in a waste water treatment process that greatly improved the treatment efficiency. In this study, the goal is to develop a leachate treatment system prototype integrating electrocoagulation and membrane bioreactor. The inlet leachate characteristics such as BOD, COD, TSS, NH3–N concentration along with the color of the leachate were fixed as the inlet of the treatment system prototype. The design parameters are used to calculate the dimensions and design of every unit of the system in order to achieve the desired treatment efficiency. The requirements of the systems are defined in details and the detailed drawings of each of the treatment units of the treatment system are portrayed. A labelled drawing of the whole system is also created to visualize the prototype in great details.

Performance Investigation of Hybrid Flow Control Method in Curve Diffuser: Guide Vanes and Mesh Screen

Normayati Nordin — 2025-12-31

This research investigates a hybrid flow control method that combines mesh screens and guide vanes in curve diffusers, addressing the challenges posed by diffusers with a 90-degree angle bend. The severe curvature in such diffusers often leads to flow separation, reduced flow homogeneity, and increased potential flow loading. By utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software for numerical analysis, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the hybrid flow control method in improving curve diffuser performance and proposes an optimum device configuration. The research focuses on assessing the impact of guide vanes and mesh screens on flow separation and pressure loss, aiming to provide insights into system efficiency. The findings not only contribute to future research on curved diffusers but also support environmentally sustainable practices. By highlighting the potential of the hybrid flow treatment method in reducing flow separation, improving static pressure, and enhancing the overall performance of curve diffusers, this study offers valuable information for designing more efficient engineering systems

Transforming Educational Outcomes through Artificial Intelligence: Bridging the Gaps in Personalized Learning and Equity

Mohd Asrizan Deraman — 2025-12-31

This review explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education, focusing on personalized learning and equity. The paper discusses various AI technologies and their implications, highlighting insights from Tao & Pan (2025) and Ghimire & Qiu (2025) among others. It identifies the potential challenges such as algorithmic bias and socio-economic disparities that can hinder the equitable application of AI tools in educational contexts. Major themes include the necessity for cultural adaptability and the enhancement of learning outcomes through AI-driven methods. The review concludes with recommendations for future research directions, emphasizing the ongoing need to address ethical concerns and promote equitable access to AI resources in education.

Research Trends in Valorization of Waste Glycerol-derived from Biodiesel: A Bibliometric Perspective (2017-2024)

Najwa Wajihah Mohd Rusli — 2025-12-31

This bibliometric analysis investigates global research trends in glycerol waste utilization, spanning 2017 to 2024, leveraging Scopus data and VOSviewer software for comprehensive insights. Driven by the dual imperatives of environmental concerns and economic potential, research on this biodeisel byproduct has witnessed significant growth. This surge peaked in 2023, followed by a slight decline potentially attributable to external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic and shifts in global research priorities. The analysis reveals a geographically diverse research landscape, with China, India, Brazil, and Malaysia emerge as leading contributors, highlighting widespread global interest. Key research themes indentified include biofuel production, enzymatic conversion, and the development of novel catalyst for glycerol transformation. This themes highlight the interdisciplinary nature of the field, drawing upon expertise from biotechnology, chemical engineering and materials science. The analysis identifies critical research gaps and emphasizes the need for continued research, international collaboration, and strategic funding to optimize glycerol waste utilization processes. By illuminating current trends and future directions in glycerol waste valorization, this study provides valuable insights for researchers, policymarkers, and industry stakeholders invested in environmental sustainability, economic development, and global resource management.

The Analysis of Response Surface Methodology-Based Optimization of Surface Roughness in Vibration-Assisted Micro-Milling of Aluminium T6061

Md Mehedi Hasan Riaz — 2025-12-31

This study investigates the application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize machining parameters for minimizing surface roughness in vibration-assisted micro-milling. Experimental trials were designed and conducted using Taguchi’s experimental design approach. The primary machining parameters considered include spindle speed, feed rate, vibration amplitude, and vibration frequency. The influence of these parameters on surface roughness was systematically analysed, and the optimal cutting conditions for achieving minimum surface roughness were identified. A second-order regression model was developed using RSM to describe the inherent relationship between the machining parameters and surface roughness. Experimental findings indicate that vibration amplitude is the most influential factor affecting surface roughness, followed by feed rate. A close agreement between the predicted and experimental results demonstrates the reliability and accuracy of the proposed model. Validation experiments further confirm that the developed RSM model is effective in predicting surface roughness in vibration-assisted machining of aluminium T6061 workpieces.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Treatment of Leachate in Malaysia

Mohamed Hizam Mohamed Noor — 2025-12-31

Electrochemical techniques have been applied extensively to treat the landfill leachate. Electrocoagulation (EC) and electrochemical oxidation (EO) are the treatments that are being concerned in this research. The goal of this research is to study the efficiency of pollutants removal (BOD5, COD, TSS, NH₃-N, and colour) of landfill leachate by applying EC and EO. Based on the result, longer EC time would result in a higher pollutant removal efficiency. In the sludge’s settling characteristic determination, the longer the EC duration, the SVI increases and the settling velocity of the sludge decrease. On the other hand, the EO was carried out in electrochemical cells using a graphite carbon as anode and cathode. Results have shown that by increasing the addition of Cl- and the current density, the removal percentage of pollutants increases. For pH, acidic condition favours the removal of COD and colour, while alkaline condition favours the removal of BOD5, NH₃-N and TSS. Apart from EC and EO treatment, the research has deduced that 43.61% and 46.18% of COD and BOD5 respectively exists as particulate matter, and they can be removed as solids through filtration. Moreover, by treating the particulate-free leachate with EC proved that co-reaction occurs during EC treatment.

Research and Development of 30kW Micro Gas Turbine

Hamidon Salleh — 2025-12-31

The design of high performance micro gas turbine is considered as one of the most challenges that an engineer would face. It involving in balancing between the performance output and efficiency during operating. The objective of this paper is to produce a 30kW micro gas turbine in development stage through designing and fabrication process. In this paper, only preliminary calculations related to a certain major parts are shown. It will cover the evaluation of reference quantities, calculation of required dimensions, calculation of air distribution and pressure drop, estimation of number and diameters for admission holes for a combustion chamber as one of it major components. Besides that, the selection of a turbocharger will also be evaluate to reuse the compressor and turbine from the turbocharger components to develop as one of this project major components. The turbocharger will be selected based on the capable power output from the compressor and turbine performances. To achieve this project objective in developing a 30kW micro gas turbine, the power output performance from the turbocharger must reaches a 30kW power output. The complete design will be illustrate through the Solidworks, a Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. As a result, a complete design of the major component and fully assemble of the product is produce.

Influence of Hevea brasiliensis Leaf Fillers and Clay Reinforcement on the Thermal Stability of Polymer Composites

Khirul Akbar Khairunnisa — 2025-12-31

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal behaviour of Hevea brasiliensis leaf (HBL)–polyester composites enhanced with clay and to determine how different clay loadings affect composite weight loss under high-temperature conditions. Natural fibre composites were prepared with 1%, 3%, and 5% clay, and their thermal stability was measured using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) under nitrogen flow to a maximum temperature of 600 °C. Results indicate that increasing the clay content led to higher residual mass after thermal degradation, demonstrating improved thermal stability, although the onset of degradation occurred at lower temperatures for composites with higher clay content. The study indicates that clay improves the structural integrity of the composite through intercalation and lamellar interactions with HBL, while untreated fibres and the polymer matrix affect the degradation process. For future work, alkaline treatment of both HBL and clay is recommended to achieve improved bonding and thermal properties.